Our vision: Build more with less

Forma Systems is a team of engineers, architects, and builders driven by a shared mission to reduce the global carbon emissions of new construction while increasing access to equitable buildings and infrastructure. We believe the built environment is both a critical space for climate action and an area where tangible change can be implemented immediately through widely accessible methods.

After meeting in the Building Technology Lab at MIT, our team has been collaborating for over five years to synthesize our individual expertise to create innovations we believe can and will have a global impact on carbon emissions.

The problem

The industrial production of structural materials like cement, and steel is responsible for over 10% of annual global carbon emissions, and yet up to 70% of the reinforced concrete used in typical buildings is structurally unnecessary. This presents a challenge and an opportunity.

At the same time, concrete manufacturers are facing a labor shortage, and they lack the time and tools to make more efficient, lower-carbon products. Existing structural design software is primarily used to check for compliance, not to optimize.

Our solution: FormaOpt

FormaOpt is a real-time, generative, design-optimization software that enables manufacturers to engineer and build low-carbon, low-cost structural systems tailored to their material and fabrication constraints. Unlike traditional engineering spreadsheets or software, which require days or weeks to be updated to new materials and shapes, FormaOpt does so in a matter of seconds.

The core innovation is a constrained shape-optimization algorithm that directly integrates validated engineering equations with geometry-based fabrication constraints, making shape optimization practical for real construction.

Our team

  • Sandy Curth, PhD

    CO-FOUNDER, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

    Alexander (Sandy) Curth is a practicing computational designer and architect. He holds a PhD from MIT in Design and Computation, where he developed tools for democratization and accessibility in the realm of large-scale additive manufacturing, creating novel systems and design tools for 3d printing housing with low-carbon materials like earth. Professionally, Sandy has worked on projects ranging from the Long Now Foundation’s 10,000 Year Clock to facade engineering with Zaha Hadid architects.

  • Kiley Feickert, PhD

    CO-FOUNDER, CHIEF PRODUCT OFFICER

    Kiley Feickert is a practicing architect and received her PhD in Building Technology (BT) from MIT. Kiley aims to reduce embodied carbon in buildings and increase access to affordable construction by optimizing structural systems for material efficiency. She also studies how to effectively deploy environmental policy in the building sector. Prior to joining the BT group at MIT, Kiley practiced as an architectural designer. Most recently, she worked on the design and construction of Google’s headquarters in London and Mountain View.

  • Eduardo Gascón Alvarez, PhD

    CO-FOUNDER, CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER

    Eduardo (Edu) Gascón Alvarez is an architect and researcher working on ways to achieve a thermally comfortable built environment at minimal material and energetic cost. He holds a PhD in Building Technology from MIT, advised by Professor Caitlin Mueller and Professor Les Norford. His research focuses on the design and simulation of low-carbon building components that improve the resiliency of buildings to heat. Before MIT, he completed his Bachelor's and Master's studies in Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. He also worked for four years at BBG, a structural consultancy firm based in Barcelona.

  • Mohamed Ismail, PhD

    CO-FOUNDER

    Mohamed Ismail is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at UVA, where he works with global partners to design structures that sustainably meet the increasingly urgent needs of the Global South. With a background in architecture and structural engineering, Ismail received a PhD in Building Technology at MIT, studying the application of structural design to housing insecurity in developing regions.

  • Keith J. Lee, PhD

    HEAD OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND COMPUTATION

    Keith is a computational structural designer and Lecturer at MIT's Department of Architecture, and holds a PhD in Building Technology at MIT. His work is centered around high-performance computing, data-driven-design, and computational geometry, with a focus on optimization and data visualization. He has developed tools for the design and optimization of large-scale structures, tensile networks, and circular design.

  • Caitlin Mueller, PhD

    CO-FOUNDER

    Caitlin Mueller is an Associate Professor at MIT's Department of Architecture and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, in the Building Technology Program, where she has led the Digital Structures research group since 2014. She works at the creative interface of architecture, structural engineering, and computation, and focuses on new computational design and digital fabrication methods for innovative, high-performance buildings and structures that empower a more sustainable and equitable future. Mueller holds three degrees from MIT in Architecture, Computation, and Building Technology, and one from Stanford in Structural Engineering.

Select Publications

K. J. Lee, Y. Huang, C. T. Mueller, A differentiable structural analysis framework for high-performance design optimization. Structures, 2025.

K. Feickert, C. T. Mueller, Policy and design levers for minimizing embodied carbon in United States buildings: A quantitative comparison of current and proposed strategies. Building and Environment, 2025.

A. Curth, E. Gascón Alvarez, K. Feickert, C. T. Mueller, D. Martínez Schulte, M. A. Ismail. Sueños Con Tierra/Concreto: Multi-material fabrication for low-carbon construction, an optimized floor system for affordable housing in Mexico. Proceedings of Fabricate 2024. Creating Resourceful Futures, 2024.

A. Curth, E. Gascón Alvarez, L. Sass, L. K. Norford, C. T. Mueller. Additive Energy: 3D Printing Thermally Performative Building Elements with Low Carbon Earthen Materials. 3D Printing for Construction in the Transformation of the Building Industry, 2024.

M. A. Ismail, N. S. Haile, A. M. Sefah, Y. Wang, C. T. Mueller. Concrete and Development: Context-driven Formwork Design for Scalable, Accessible and Low-carbon Concrete Structures. Technology | Architecture+ Design, 2024.

A. Curth, N. Pearl, E. Wissemann, T. Cousin, L. Alkhayat, V. Jackow, K. J. Lee, O. Moldow, M. A. Ismail, C. T. Mueller, L. Sass. EarthWorks: Zero waste 3D printed earthen formwork for shape-optimized, reinforced concrete construction. Construction and Building Materials, 2024.

E. Gascón Alvarez, A. Curth, K. Feickert, D. Martínez Schulte, C. T. Mueller, M. A. Ismail. Algorithmic design for low-carbon, low-cost housing construction in Mexico. Proceedings of the 43rd annual conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), 2023.

K. Feickert, C. T. Mueller. Thin shell foundations: Quantification of embodied carbon reduction through materially efficient geometry. Architecture Structures and Construction, 2023.

M. A. Ismail. Reshaping Concrete: Inclusive Design for Low-Carbon Structures. Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research, 2023.

E. Gascón Alvarez, K. Feickert, M. A. Ismail, C. T. Mueller, L. K. Norford. Integrated urban heat sinks for low-carbon neighbourhoods: dissipating heat to the ground and sky through building structures. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2023.

K. Feickert, C. T. Mueller. Algorithmic investigation of structural system utility for urban development reusing existing foundations. Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia, 2023.

A. Curth, A. Hartwell, T. Brodesser, C. T. Mueller. Parametric waffle slabs: Optimal geometry materialized with additive construction. Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia, 2022.

E. Gascón Alvarez, N. L. Stamler, C. T. Mueller, L. K. Norford. Shape optimization of chilled concrete ceilings–Reduced embodied carbon and enhanced operational performance. Building and Environment, 2022.

M. A. Ismail, P. L. Mayencourt, C. T. Mueller. Shaped beams: unlocking new geometry for efficient structures. Architecture, Structures and Construction, 2021.

E. Gascón Alvarez, C. T. Mueller, L. K. Norford. Dynamic thermal performance of structurally optimized concrete floor slabs. Proceedings of Building Simulation 2021: 17th Conference of IBPSA, 2021.

M. A. Ismail, C. T. Mueller. Minimizing embodied energy of reinforced concrete floor systems in developing countries through shape optimization. Engineering Structures, 2021.

K. Feickert. C. T. Mueller. Thin shell foundations: Historical review and future opportunities. Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia, 2020.

Learn more: Sandy, Kiley, Eduardo, Mohamed, Keith, Caitlin